{"id":5225,"date":"2021-03-04T11:10:00","date_gmt":"2021-03-04T10:10:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/?p=5225"},"modified":"2023-10-26T12:41:56","modified_gmt":"2023-10-26T10:41:56","slug":"el-canon-de-bellesa-al-llarg-de-la-historia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/el-canon-de-bellesa-al-llarg-de-la-historia\/","title":{"rendered":"El c\u00e0non de bellesa al llarg de la hist\u00f2ria"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Un c\u00e0non de bellesa es defineix com una mesura o regla general que desperta un sentiment d\u2019admiraci\u00f3 com\u00fa. Des de la prehist\u00f2ria fins l\u2019actualitat, els c\u00e0nons de bellesa humans han anat transformant-se, influenciats per determinats fets hist\u00f2rics que han portat a certs pensaments filos\u00f2fics, els quals han estat retratats en unes obres d\u2019art que, al seu torn, s\u2019han ocupat de representar la bellesa del moment. Aix\u00ed, la hist\u00f2ria de l\u2019est\u00e8tica ha estat estretament lligada a l\u2019art i la filosofia, produint-se alteracions en les diferents disciplines al mateix temps. Dins de la hist\u00f2ria de la bellesa, per\u00f2, cal distingir entre c\u00e0nons femenins i masculins degut&nbsp; a la seva desigual afectaci\u00f3: mai no han variat uniformement. En aquest treball de recerca es pret\u00e9n mostrar com el concepte de la bellesa femenina ha canviat m\u00e9s que el de la masculina al llarg de la hist\u00f2ria d\u2019occident a partir d\u2019un cos te\u00f2ric, un recull gr\u00e0fic d\u2019obres art\u00edstiques, una enquesta i una entrevista.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En primer lloc, en la teoria del treball, es recull l\u2019evoluci\u00f3 dels ideals est\u00e8tics, les seves causes i les seves conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies. Es refor\u00e7a la hip\u00f2tesi fent \u00e8mfasi en el perllongament del c\u00e0non mascul\u00ed; comen\u00e7ant per l\u2019antiguitat, on tant a l\u2019antiga Gr\u00e8cia com a l\u2019antiga Roma s\u2019admiraven els cossos atl\u00e8tics, musculats i harm\u00f2nicament proporcionats dels homes. Paral\u00b7lelament i en el mateix espai de temps, el c\u00e0non femen\u00ed va veure\u2019s afectat en diverses ocasions degut a la religiositat i els principis dels artistes: l\u2019escultura de la Dama d\u2019Auxerre mostra una bellesa curosa i conservadora, encoberta sota una t\u00fanica hier\u00e0tica. No molt m\u00e9s tard, es troben escultures com la Venus de Cnido, que mostra un cos completament nu, on el c\u00e0non es fonamenta en les corbes i el dinamisme de la silueta. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-2 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"608\" height=\"959\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-auxerre.jpg\" alt=\"Ca\u0300non de bellesa - auxerre 01\" data-id=\"5227\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-auxerre.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/?attachment_id=5227\" class=\"wp-image-5227\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-auxerre.jpg 608w, https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-auxerre-190x300.jpg 190w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 608px) 100vw, 608px\" \/><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\"><em>Dama d&#8217;Auxerre<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"438\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-cnido-438x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Ca\u0300non de bellesa - cnido 02\" data-id=\"5228\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-cnido.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/?attachment_id=5228\" class=\"wp-image-5228\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-cnido-438x1024.jpg 438w, https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-cnido-128x300.jpg 128w, https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-cnido-768x1796.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-cnido-657x1536.jpg 657w, https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-cnido-876x2048.jpg 876w, https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-cnido.jpg 980w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 438px) 100vw, 438px\" \/><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\"><em>Afrodita de Cnido<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Aix\u00ed, les dones van veure\u2019s sotmeses a alteracions m\u00e9s dr\u00e0stiques en els seus ideals. La nuesa de les representacions masculines no va trencar-se fins l\u2019arribada del cristianisme, mentre que la mateixa q\u00fcesti\u00f3 en les femenines ja havia mutat altres vegades. D\u2019aquesta manera, l\u2019entrada a l\u2019edat mitjana va significar ocultisme, religiositat i pudor en la filosofia i en l\u2019art: conseq\u00fcentment en els c\u00e0nons tamb\u00e9. En aquesta \u00e8poca se li don\u00e0 m\u00e9s import\u00e0ncia a l\u2019\u00e0nima que al f\u00edsic, per tant s\u2019idealitzaven els homes que responguessin a l\u2019arquetip d\u2019heroi cristi\u00e0, valent i viril (trets que corresponien, de nou, a un cos atl\u00e8tic i musculat). D\u2019altra banda, les dones belles eren aquelles submises a la cristiandat, amb l\u2019arquetip de princesa i amant; f\u00edsicament s\u2019idealitzaven les semblances amb l\u2019exotisme n\u00f2rdic europeu, de cossos robustos i alts i cabells i ulls clars, unes faccions una mica allunyades de la bellesa mediterr\u00e0nia pr\u00f2pia de Gr\u00e8cia i Roma. A l\u2019edat moderna i despr\u00e9s del Renaixement, per\u00f2, s\u00ed que es va produir un canvi uniforme en els dos c\u00e0nons, ja que es va popularitzar l\u2019ostentositat i el paper de l\u2019aristocr\u00e0cia (pell p\u00e0l\u00b7lida, lleuger sobrep\u00e8s, accessoris abundants, etc.), visible en personatges hist\u00f2rics com fou Maria Antonieta. M\u00e9s tard, amb l\u2019aparici\u00f3 de l\u2019est\u00e8tica victoriana, el c\u00e0non femen\u00ed va patir un aprimament en la figura potenciat per peces de roba com les cotilles o les faixes; d\u2019altra banda, el f\u00edsic mascul\u00ed ideal va romandre en el modern, variant nom\u00e9s en el p\u00e8l facial o en els accessoris de moda. Amb tot, l\u2019entrada del segle XX i les noves avantguardes va suposar una \u00e8poca d\u2019alteracions constants, com n\u2019\u00e9s un exemple la voluptuositat de les siluetes dels anys 50 (Marilyn Monroe) versus la primor extrema dels anys 90 (Kate Moss). Al llarg del segle XX tamb\u00e9 va canviar la figura de l\u2019home: es va tonificar i rejovenir (Rodolfo Valentino versus James Dean). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-2 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-2 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"788\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-monroe-788x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Ca\u0300non de bellesa - monroe 01\" data-id=\"5230\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-monroe.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/?attachment_id=5230\" class=\"wp-image-5230\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-monroe-788x1024.jpg 788w, https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-monroe-231x300.jpg 231w, https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-monroe-768x998.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-monroe.jpg 980w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 788px) 100vw, 788px\" \/><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\"><em>Marylin Monroe<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"786\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-moss-786x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Ca\u0300non de bellesa - moss 02\" data-id=\"5231\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-moss.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/?attachment_id=5231\" class=\"wp-image-5231\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-moss-786x1024.jpg 786w, https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-moss-230x300.jpg 230w, https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-moss-768x1001.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-moss.jpg 980w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 786px) 100vw, 786px\" \/><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\"><em>Kate Moss<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"825\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-valentino-825x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Ca\u0300non de bellesa - valentino 03\" data-id=\"5233\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-valentino.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/?attachment_id=5233\" class=\"wp-image-5233\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-valentino-825x1024.jpg 825w, https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-valentino-242x300.jpg 242w, https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-valentino-768x954.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-valentino.jpg 980w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 825px) 100vw, 825px\" \/><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\"><em>Rodolfo Valentino<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"731\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-dean-731x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Ca\u0300non de bellesa - dean\" data-id=\"5229\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-dean.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/?attachment_id=5229\" class=\"wp-image-5229\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-dean-731x1024.jpg 731w, https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-dean-214x300.jpg 214w, https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-dean-768x1075.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-dean.jpg 980w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 731px) 100vw, 731px\" \/><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\"><em>James Dean<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Finalitzant la teoria, s\u2019esmenten els c\u00e0nons de bellesa actuals mitjan\u00e7ant una enquesta que deixa entreveure una nova alteraci\u00f3 de l\u2019ideal est\u00e8tic femen\u00ed: es basa en l\u2019exageraci\u00f3 de les corbes dels malucs i els pits acompanyat d\u2019un est\u00f3mac prim, fomentant c\u00e0nons impossibles que els propis mitjans de comunicaci\u00f3 han d\u2019aconseguir amb eines com el photoshop. El c\u00e0non de bellesa mascul\u00ed actual, d\u2019altra banda, es percep igual que el de la segona meitat del segle XX.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aprofitant la difusi\u00f3 de la mateixa enquesta, facilitada a gaireb\u00e9 300 persones, es pregunta per l\u2019opini\u00f3 personal quant a la hip\u00f2tesi del treball. En total, 119 dels enquestats afirmen que el c\u00e0non de bellesa femen\u00ed ha canviat m\u00e9s que el mascul\u00ed al llarg de la hist\u00f2ria, 59 contesten que ambd\u00f3s han canviat per igual, 14 que el mascul\u00ed ha variat m\u00e9s i 5 que cap dels dos s\u2019ha vist alterat. Per tant, una \u00e0mplia majoria d\u00f3na per v\u00e0lida la hip\u00f2tesi.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Per \u00faltim i completant la part pr\u00e0ctica del treball, s\u2019entrevista a Laura Mercader, doctora en Hist\u00f2ria de l\u2019Art, professora de Teoria de l\u2019Art a la Universitat de Barcelona i directora del Centre de Recerca de Dones del Parc cient\u00edfic i la UB. Despr\u00e9s de formular-li algunes preguntes de caire te\u00f2ric, se li demana l\u2019opini\u00f3 sobre la hip\u00f2tesi i la valida des d\u2019una visi\u00f3 feminista: \u00ab<em>els fil\u00f2sofs i artistes han inventat uns c\u00e0nons de bellesa femenins i masculins, per\u00f2 aquest \u00faltims s\u00f3n&nbsp; els que no canvien<\/em> (&#8230;) <em>el c\u00e0non mascul\u00ed que est\u00e0 en els gimnasos \u00e9s el que s\u2019adapta a les escultures cl\u00e0ssiques<\/em>\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aix\u00ed doncs, es valida la hip\u00f2tesi: el c\u00e0non de bellesa femen\u00ed ha canviat m\u00e9s que el mascul\u00ed. Al llarg d\u2019aquest treball es fa un recorregut per les etapes hist\u00f2riques d\u2019occident i els ideals de bellesa pertinents, tot emfatitzant la vulnerabilitat de la figura femenina davant del sistema patriarcal, omipresent al llarg del temps i visible en el complet domini mascul\u00ed de disciplines com la filosofia o l\u2019art (manca d\u2019autores). Cal esmentar, per\u00f2, que avui dia comencen a sorgir manifestacions i moviments reivindicatius. A m\u00e9s, la pres\u00e8ncia d\u2019autores dones s\u2019est\u00e0 eixamplant a nivell global, un pas de vital import\u00e0ncia per a la lluita d\u2019igualtat de g\u00e8nere. Aquests tipus d\u2019aven\u00e7os poden suposar l\u2019evoluci\u00f3 uniforme dels dos c\u00e0nons de bellesa en un futur per tal de deixar enrere la submissi\u00f3 de la silueta femenina davant del patriarcat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"330\" height=\"330\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-signatura.jpg\" alt=\"Ca\u0300non - 01\" class=\"wp-image-5237\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-signatura.jpg 330w, https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-signatura-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-signatura-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-signatura-75x75.jpg 75w, https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Ca\u0300non-de-bellesa-signatura-320x320.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 330px) 100vw, 330px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Per llegir m\u00e9s traballs de recerca, feu click <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/category\/tr-1920\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"aqu\u00ed (s'obre en una nova pestanya)\">aqu\u00ed<\/a>\u2026!<\/p>\n<!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on the_content -->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>En aquest treball de recerca es pret\u00e9n mostrar com la bellesa femenina ha canviat m\u00e9s que la masculina al llarg del temps<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ipsi.cat\/elfil\/el-canon-de-bellesa-al-llarg-de-la-historia\/\">Read More<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":5232,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"wpupg_custom_link":[],"wpupg_custom_link_behaviour":[],"wpupg_custom_link_nofollow":[],"wpupg_custom_image":[],"wpupg_custom_image_id":[],"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[93,206,281],"tags":[81,86,133,73,65],"class_list":{"0":"post-5225","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-darreres-publicacions","8":"category-tr-1920","9":"category-treballs-de-recerca-del-curs-20-21","10":"tag-ipsi","11":"tag-escola","12":"tag-recerca","13":"tag-batxillerat","14":"tag-alumnes","15":"entry"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.6 - 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